AP Psychology Therapies for Psychological Disorders

                  Test on Monday also includes Personality                    

Therapy:

Biomedical Therapies :

Psychological Therapies:

Most treatments…

1.      Identify the problem

2.      Identify the cause of the problem

3.      Make a prognosis (prediction

4.      Decide upon treatment

Insight Therapies

Help clients gain an ‘insight’ into their problems   AKA: talk therapies

--Clients communicate and verbalize their emotions and motives to help understand their problems

Freudian Psychoanalysis: form of psychodynamic therapy …

goal is to release conflicts and memories form the unconscious

  Accomplished through analysis of transference

         Analysis of transference:

Based on the assumption that this relationship mirrors the unresolved conflicts in the client’s past

Traditional Approach…the Old Method

Free Association

Hypnosis

Interpretation of revealed ideas that reflect deep seated feelings and conflicts

Dream Analysis

Modern Approach:

Briefer…less intense

Focus on revealing unconscious material

Client/therapist sit face to face…no client on the couch

Usually more focus on ego…less on id

Therapist is directive

Neo-Freudian Psychodynamic Therapies:   Emphasize the client’s conscious motivation and the influence of past childhood

--Relationships are more important that in traditional psychoanalysis

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Humanistic Therapies: Treatments based on the assumption that people have the tendency for positive

      growth and self-actualization, ……..

     ….which may have been blocked by an unhealthy environment that can include negative self-evaluation

           and criticism from others

Client Centered Therapy:

       Humanistic approach developed by Carl Rogers

        Focuses on an individual’s tendency for healthy psychological growth through self-actualization

        Main techniques is reflection of feeling, as are empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive

              regard

Reflection of Feeling:

 Group Therapy:

      Advantages: economical, support of group, non-threatening atmosphere, provides more information and

         life experiences for clients to draw upon.

    Self-Help Support Groups:     type of group therapy            Example: Alcoholics Anonymous

Gestalt Therapy

    Originated by Fritz Peris

    Approach assumes people disown parts of themselves and wear ‘social masks’

   Goal is to integrate conflicting parts of their personality

   Highly directive

  Found not to be very effective

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Behavior Therapies

Behavior Therapy/Modification:  Any therapy based upon behavioral learning (especially

      Classical and Operant) 

     --Including….

 Classical Conditioning Therapies

Systemic Desensitization:

Exposure Therapy:

Aversion Therapy:

Operant Conditioning Therapies

Contingency Management:

Token Economy:

Participant Modeling:

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy:

Cognitive Therapy: Emphasizes rational thinking as the key to treating mental disorder

The client is capable of becoming aware of his or her own thoughts and of changing them

Cognitive therapy for depression involves

Evaluating evidence

Situational factors

Alternative solutions

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy: (REBT)  Albert Ellis’s brand of therapy

            --Based on idea that irrational thoughts and behaviors are the cause of mental disorders

            --Focuses on beliefs about the event as well as the event…many people have irrational beliefs

                  Ex: the irrational belief that we must be highly competent, achieving, successful, etc…

Active Listener:

How Effective Is Therapy?

--No clear answer

--Eysenck claims two-thirds of clients would improve without therapy, though studies show he overestimated the

      improvement rate in his no-therapy control group.

--According to studies, some therapy is better than none

--Problems is which therapy is best for each disorder

Psychopharmacology

Psychopharmacology:

  --Ensures that clients are more receptive to talk therapy

  --Emerged from the medical model of treatment

1. Antipsychotic Drugs: Medicines that diminish psychotic symptoms…agitation, delusions, hallucinations

        -- Diminish psychotic symptoms usually by their effect on dopamine pathways in the brain

        --Example: Clozril

        DOWNSIDE:    Tardive Dyskinesia:

    Tardive Dyskinesia

2. Antidepressant Drugs: Medicines usually used to treat depression,,,

         Also those with eating disorders, panic attacks, obsessive-compulsive disorders, social phobias

          --Effect the serotonin and/or norepinepherine pathways in the brain   

          --Examples: prozac.

          ---May take weeks to get to therapeutic levels

    Lithium Carbonate: mood stabilizer             --Effective for bipolar disorder

3. Anti-Anxiety Drugs: Drugs used to diminish feelings of anxiety

         --Include barbiturates and benzodiazepines

         Stimulants:

    --But are found to suppress activity levels in clients with ADHD

Medical Therapies

Psychosurgery:

Prefrontal Lobotomy: largely discontinued in U.S….firs brought to U.S. in 1930’s

    Pick like instrument  severs the nerve pathways that link the prefrontal lobes to the thalamus

Electroconvulsion Therapy: (ECT) Application of electric current to the head, producing a

                generalized seizure

    --Primarily used to treat depression

    --Sometimes called ‘shock treatment’

    --Side Effects: memory problems

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: (TMS)  Involves magnetic stimulation of specific regions of the brain

   --Newer type of treatment

   --Does not produce a seizure

Therapeutic Community: Maxwell Jones’s term for a program of treating mental disorders by

                                             making the institutional environment supportive and humane for clients

Community Mental Health Movement: movement to deinstitutionalize clients

Deinstitutionalize: